A half-inch beard and the evidence in Holt v. Hobbs
The 2015 prison-accommodation case turned on the justification for a particular restriction, with a particular religious request before the court.
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Abercrombie: motive, knowledge and a headscarf
A hiring decision in 2015 exposed a distinction between knowing that accommodation is required and acting to avoid it.
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Achbita and Bougnaoui: two questions behind one headline
The paired 2017 decisions are easier to understand when an internal neutrality rule is separated from a customer’s objection.
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WABE and Müller: the need behind a neutrality policy
The 2021 workplace cases put an employer’s asserted need for neutrality into the justification analysis.
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Eweida: four applications, four factual settings
The 2013 Strasbourg judgment shows why a case about religious manifestation should not be reduced to the experience of its first named applicant.
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Shergill v. Khaira and the boundary of a civil dispute
A Sikh trust dispute supplies a comparative example of how a court identifies civil rights amid religious disagreement.
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Read a roundtable as a conversation
Agreement on a case's importance does not mean agreement on its reasoning. Map the contributors' questions before comparing their answers.
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Trace a judgment, not just a headline
Names change, citations travel and search services have limits. Build a short procedural history before describing what a case established.
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